Referenced Resources

Here’s a breakdown of the resources mentioned in the interview, categorized as requested:

People

• SPEAKER_02 (Alex Stubb) - the interviewee, President, discussed his book, concepts like “values-based realism” and “dignified foreign policy,” and his views on international relations, European integration, and the Ukraine war.
• SPEAKER_04 (Mark) - the interviewer, discussed various topics with SPEAKER_02, including the liberal world order, transatlantic relations, and the future of the EU.
• Mark Carney - mentioned as someone who has “converted” to values-based realism and recognized a “rupture.”
• Mark Rutte - mentioned as someone who worked around the clock to de-escalate the Greenland issue.
• Juna Stöhr - mentioned as someone who worked around the clock to de-escalate the Greenland issue.
• Steve Witkoff - mentioned as someone who is going to fly off from Davos to Moscow for discussions.
• Jared Kushner - mentioned as someone who came into the peace process for Ukraine, making it “much more concrete,” and who participated in meetings in Geneva and Berlin.
• Putin - mentioned in the context of his strategic aims in the war in Ukraine.
• Prime Minister Starmer - mentioned in the context of conversations with the UK and the EU.
• Prime Minister of Norway - mentioned as having weekly conversations with SPEAKER_02.
• Trump - mentioned in the context of his communication style on Truth Social and the idea of being a “Trump whisperer.”
• Maduro - mentioned as a leader in Venezuela, discussed in the context of international law and legitimacy.
• Xu - a journalist from China’s Taish Media, asked about the European political atmosphere and strategic autonomy.
• Comfort - mentioned as being in the room and expected to ask the first question.
• SPEAKER_03 - asked a question about dignified foreign policy in the context of Sudan, Myanmar, and Haiti, and referenced the “variations of silence over Venezuela.”
• Ishan Pratap Singh - a 22-year-old from Global Shapers New Delhi Hub, asked about the utility of public versus private diplomacy.

Organizations

• European Union (EU) - discussed extensively in terms of its integration, enlargement, strategic autonomy, and its relationship with Ukraine, the UK, Norway, and Iceland.
• NATO - mentioned as an organization that Finland and Sweden joined because of Russia’s war of aggression, and as a point of cooperation with the United States.
• United States - discussed as a key player in the international order, the liberal world order, transatlantic relations, and the war in Ukraine.
• Canada - mentioned in relation to its trade dependency on the US.
• India - mentioned in the context of a potential free trade agreement with Europe.
• Mercosur - mentioned in relation to a deal with Europe.
• European Parliament - mentioned in relation to its decision on Mercosur.
• Global Shapers New Delhi Hub - the organization Ishan Pratap Singh is associated with.
• Crisis Group - SPEAKER_02 acknowledges the reports from SPEAKER_03 and their team from this organization.
• Taish Media - the organization Xu is a journalist for.

Documents

• Book - discussed as the source of SPEAKER_02’s “big idea” and a defense of the liberal world order and open societies.
• Foreign Affairs piece - mentioned as a place where SPEAKER_02 published an article a while back.
• 28-point plan - mentioned in relation to the peace process for Ukraine.
• 20-point plan - mentioned as a reduction from the 28-point plan for Ukraine’s peace process, and a basis for security guarantees, prosperity plan, and sequencing plan.
• Five plus two documents - mentioned as having to do with the 20-point plan for Ukraine.
• Key communautaire - mentioned in the context of EU enlargement negotiations.
• Finnish constitution - mentioned in relation to the roles of the president and prime minister in foreign policy and EU matters.
• Truth Social - mentioned as a communication platform used by the President of the United States.

Tools

• Values-based realism - a concept developed by SPEAKER_02 as a framework for foreign policy, meaning to stay true to values while being realistic about global problems.
• Dignified foreign policy - an instrument outlined by SPEAKER_02, emphasizing respectful behavior towards those you want to work with.

Technologies

• AI - mentioned as one of the world’s problems that cannot be solved solely with like-minded countries.

Concepts/Ideas

• Liberal world order - a central theme of the discussion, referring to the post-WWII international system and its potential preservation.
• Multilateralism - contrasted with transactionalism, with SPEAKER_02 believing more people are multilateralists.
• Open societies - mentioned as being defended alongside the liberal world order.
• Power politics - seen as increasingly defining international events, in contrast to multilateralism.
• Atlanticism - mentioned as something SPEAKER_02 is proud of, despite the changing meaning of the West.
• Democracy, freedom, human rights, fundamental rights, protecting minorities, rule of law - these are listed as values that SPEAKER_02’s “values-based realism” seeks to uphold.
• Rupture - mentioned by Mark Carney in the context of significant change.
• Post-colonial world, colonialism - discussed in the context of looking back at history for examples of how people have been treated.
• Transatlantic crisis - mentioned in relation to the Greenland issue and historical events like Suez.
• Arctic security - mentioned as a potential outcome of de-escalating the Greenland issue.
• Tariff wars - mentioned as a bad outcome scenario for the Greenland issue.
• Military intervention - mentioned as an ugly outcome scenario for the Greenland issue.
• Sovereignty and territorial integrity - key principles of the international order and how alliances are treated.
• European sovereignty - discussed in the context of what Europeans need to do to be sovereign in the new world.
• EU membership without opt-outs/derogations - Finland’s status as an EU member is highlighted.
• Security (as a reason for joining the EU) - mentioned as the underlying reason for Finland’s decision to join the EU in 1995.
• Pragmatism - advised as a way to approach cooperation with the United States.
• Unilateral action - mentioned as an area of potential disagreement with the US.
• Climate change - mentioned as an area of potential disagreement with the US.
• Defending democracy - mentioned as an area of potential disagreement with the US.
• Peace process (for Ukraine) - discussed in detail, with SPEAKER_02 expressing cautious optimism.
• Narrative of the war (in Ukraine) - SPEAKER_02 refutes the idea that Ukraine is losing.
• Russian narrative - mentioned as a narrative about Ukraine losing the war that SPEAKER_02 does not buy.
• Strategic aims of Putin - analyzed in relation to the war in Ukraine.
• Remilitarization of Europe - mentioned as an aim that Russia failed to avoid.
• War of attrition - describes the current nature of the conflict in Ukraine.
• Differentiated integration - a concept speaker_02 has written about extensively in the academic realm, concerning the EU.
• Flexible integration - SPEAKER_02’s PhD topic, the concept that not everyone needs to do everything at the same time.
• Multi-speed and variable geometry - concepts related to flexible integration within the EU.
• Enlargement (of the EU) - discussed as becoming strategic and existential rather than legalistic.
• Absorption (by the EU) - discussed in terms of institutions, budget, and policies.
• Populism, isolationist emotion - concerns raised about their potential impact on European unity and integration.
• De-risking - mentioned in relation to China and elsewhere, as a strategy Europe is employing.
• Geopolitical thing (Europe doing the right thing) - SPEAKER_02’s view on Europe’s current actions.
• Europe’s moment - SPEAKER_02’s optimistic view of Europe’s current standing.
• Stability (in Europe) - mentioned as something investors are looking for.
• Values, interests, and power (in foreign policy) - framework for understanding diplomacy.
• Influence (as power for smaller players) - mentioned in the context of diplomacy.
• Traditional state-to-state relations - one pillar of diplomacy.
• Personal relationships (in diplomacy) - the other pillar of diplomacy.
• Trust - a key element in private diplomatic conversations.
• Appeasement - contrasted with respectful, dignified foreign policy.
• Public arena for diplomacy - acknowledged as an important tool.